Prevention of diseases – the key to a long life

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Prevention of diseases – the key to a long life: Detailed leadership

Section 1: Fundamentals of prevention

  1. Determining the prevention of diseases: Prevention of diseases is a set of measures aimed at preventing the occurrence, progression and spread of diseases, as well as to strengthen health and improve the quality of life. This is an active approach to health, including changes in lifestyle, vaccination, screening and other medical interventions. Prevention is divided into primary, secondary and tertiary.

  2. Primary prevention: The purpose of primary prevention is to prevent the occurrence of the disease. She includes:

    • Healthy lifestyle: This is the cornerstone of primary prevention, including proper nutrition, regular physical activity, the rejection of smoking and alcohol abuse, maintaining a healthy weight and stress management.
    • Vaccination: Vaccinations are an effective way to protect against infectious diseases, stimulating the immune system to produce antibodies to certain pathogens.
    • Hygiene: Compliance with personal hygiene rules, such as regular hand washing, prevents the spread of infections.
    • Education: Information of the population about risk factors and methods of preventing various diseases plays an important role in the formation of healthy behavior.
    • Safe environment: Creating safe living conditions and work, reducing environmental pollution and ensuring access to clean water and sanitation.
    • Healthy nutrition: The use of foods rich in nutrients, vitamins and minerals, and limiting the consumption of processed products, sugar and saturated fats.

  3. Secondary prevention: Secondary prevention is aimed at early detection and treatment of diseases in order to prevent their progression and the development of complications. Key elements:

    • Screening: Regular medical examinations and screening tests to detect diseases in the early stages, when treatment is most effective. Examples include mammography to detect breast cancer, colonoscopy to detect colon cancer and measure blood pressure to detect hypertension.
    • Early diagnosis: An appeal to a doctor when any suspicious symptoms appear.
    • Treatment: Timely and adequate treatment of identified diseases.
    • Modification of risk factors: Improving lifestyle after detecting the disease to slow down its progression.

  4. Treetic prevention: Tertiary prevention is aimed at reducing the consequences of an already developed disease, preventing disability and improving the quality of life of patients. She includes:

    • Rehabilitation: The restoration of physical, psychological and social functions after illness or injury.
    • Supporting therapy: Medical assistance aimed at alleviating symptoms and improving the quality of life of patients with chronic diseases.
    • Prevention of complications: Measures to prevent the development of complications of the disease.
    • Patient Education: Patient training skills of self -help and management of their disease.
    • Palliative help: Ensuring comfort and support for patients with incurable diseases.

Section 2: Prevention of cardiovascular diseases

  1. Risk factors for cardiovascular diseases: The risk factors of cardiovascular diseases include:

    • High blood pressure (hypertension): Increased pressure on the walls of arteries, which can lead to damage.
    • High cholesterol level: Excess cholesterol in the blood that can be deposited on the walls of arteries and form plaques.
    • Smoking: Damages blood vessels and increases the risk of blood clots.
    • Diabetes: Increased blood sugar, which can damage blood vessels and nerves.
    • Obesity: Increases the risk of developing hypertension, high level of cholesterol and diabetes.
    • Sedentary lifestyle: Increases the risk of obesity, hypertension and high cholesterol.
    • Family history of cardiovascular disease: Hereditary predisposition to these diseases.
    • Age: The risk of cardiovascular diseases increases with age.
    • Floor: Men have a higher risk of cardiovascular disease than women, especially at a young age.
    • Stress: Chronic stress can increase blood pressure and increase the risk of cardiovascular diseases.
    • Inal meals: The use of products with a high content of saturated fats, trans fats, cholesterol and sodium.

  2. Prevention measures for cardiovascular diseases:

    • Healthy nutrition: The Mediterranean diet, rich in fruits, vegetables, whole grain products, fish and healthy fats. Limiting the consumption of red meat, processed products and sweet drinks.
    • Regular physical activity: At least 150 minutes of moderate intensity or 75 minutes of high intensity of physical activity per week. Aerobic exercises are recommended, such as walking, running, swimming and riding a bicycle.
    • Refusal of smoking: Smoking is one of the most important risk factors for cardiovascular diseases.
    • Maintaining a healthy weight: Reducing weight with overweight or obesity.
    • Stress management: The use of relaxation methods such as meditation, yoga or deep breathing.
    • Control of blood pressure: Regular measurement of blood pressure and treatment of hypertension.
    • Cholesterol level control: Regular measurement of cholesterol levels and treatment of high cholesterol.
    • Blood sugar control: Regular measurement of blood sugar and diabetes treatment.
    • Drug prevention: In some cases, medicines can be prescribed to reduce the risk of cardiovascular diseases, such as statins to reduce cholesterol or aspirin to prevent blood clots.

Section 3: Cancer Prevention

  1. Cancer risk factors: Cancer is a group of diseases characterized by uncontrolled growth and the spread of abnormal cells. Cancer risk factors include:

    • Genetic predisposition: Hereditary mutations of genes that increase the risk of developing certain types of cancer.
    • Age: The risk of cancer is increased with age.
    • Smoking: It is the cause of many types of cancer, including cancer of the lungs, oral cavity, throat, esophagus, bladder, kidneys and pancreas.
    • Alcohol: Alcohol abuse increases the risk of developing cancer of the oral cavity, throat, esophagus, liver, mammary gland and colon.
    • Inal meals: The use of products with a high content of saturated fats, treated meat and a lack of fruits and vegetables.
    • Obesity: Increases the risk of breast cancer, colon, endometrium, kidneys and esophagus.
    • Infections: Some infections, such as human papillomavirus (HPV), hepatitis B and C virus, and Helicobacter pylori bacterium, can increase the risk of cancer.
    • Radiation: The impact of ionizing radiation, such as x-rays and gamma radiation, can increase the risk of cancer.
    • Ultraviolet radiation: The effect of sunlight or solariums increases the risk of skin cancer.
    • Chemicals: The impact of certain chemicals in the workplace or in the environment can increase the risk of cancer.
    • Hormonal therapy: Long -term use of hormonal therapy can increase the risk of developing certain types of cancer.

  2. Cancer prevention measures:

    • Refusal of smoking: The most important step in cancer prevention.
    • Moderate alcohol consumption: Restriction of alcohol consumption or a complete rejection of it.
    • Healthy nutrition: The use of a large amount of fruits, vegetables and whole grains. Limiting the consumption of red meat and processed products.
    • Maintaining a healthy weight: Reducing weight with overweight or obesity.
    • Regular physical activity: At least 150 minutes of moderate intensity or 75 minutes of high intensity of physical activity per week.
    • Vaccination: Vaccination against HPV to prevent cervical cancer and other types of cancer associated with HPV. Hepatitis B vaccination to prevent liver cancer.
    • Screening: Regular screening tests for identifying cancer in the early stages, when treatment is most effective. Examples include mammography to detect breast cancer, colonoscopy for detecting colon cancer, papa test for detecting cervical cancer and a PSA test to detect prostate cancer.
    • Sun protection: The use of sunscreen, wearing protective clothing and avoiding stay in the sun in the hottest hours of the day.
    • Avoiding the effects of harmful substances: Minimization of the effects of harmful chemicals at the workplace or in the environment.
    • Self -study: Regular self-examination of the mammary glands, testicles and skin to identify any changes or neoplasms.
    • Regular medical examinations: Regular visits to the doctor for preventive examinations and discussing cancer risk factors.

Section 4: Prevention of infectious diseases

  1. Ways to transmit infectious diseases: Infectious diseases are caused by pathogen, such as bacteria, viruses, fungi and parasites. The transmission paths of infectious diseases include:

    • Airborne driving way: The spread of pathogens through drops formed during coughing, sneezing or conversation.
    • Contact Way: The transmission of pathogens through direct contact with an infected person or with contaminated objects.
    • Food path: Transfer of pathogens through infected food or water.
    • Waterway: Transfer of pathogens through infected water.
    • Transmissive path: Transfer of pathogens through insect bites or animals.
    • Sexual path: Transfer of pathogens through sexual contact.
    • Vertical path: The transfer of pathogens from mother to child during pregnancy, childbirth or breastfeeding.

  2. Prevention measures of infectious diseases:

    • Vaccination: The most effective way to protect against many infectious diseases.
    • Hand hygiene: Regular washing of hands with soap and water or the use of an antiseptic for hand.
    • Respiratory hygiene: Covering the mouth and nose with coughing or sneezing.
    • Food safety: Proper preparation and storage of food to prevent infection.
    • Safe water: The use of clean and safe water.
    • Control over carriers: Taking measures to combat insects and animals that can carry infectious diseases.
    • Safe sex: The use of condoms to prevent transmission of sexually transmitted diseases.
    • Insulation: Isolation of infected people to prevent the spread of infection.
    • Disinfection: Regular disinfection of surfaces and objects that can be contaminated with pathogens.
    • Preventive treatment: In some cases, preventive treatment can be prescribed to prevent the development of infectious diseases after contact with the pathogen.
    • Strengthening immunity: A healthy lifestyle, including proper nutrition, regular physical activity and sufficient sleep, helps strengthen immunity and reduce the risk of infectious diseases.
    • Avoiding contacts with patients: If possible, to avoid contact with people who have signs of an infectious disease.

Section 5: Diabetes prevention

  1. Type 2 diabetes risk factors: Type 2 diabetes is a chronic disease characterized by a high blood sugar. Type 2 diabetes risk include:

    • Excess weight or obesity: It is the main risk factor for type 2 diabetes.
    • Sedentary lifestyle: Increases the risk of type 2 diabetes.
    • Family history of diabetes: Hereditary predisposition to type 2 diabetes.
    • Age: The risk of developing type 2 diabetes increases with age.
    • Race/ethnicity: Some racial and ethnic groups, such as African -Americans, Latin American, indigenous Americans and Asians, have a higher risk of type 2 diabetes.
    • Gestational diabetes: Diabetes that developed during pregnancy increases the risk of developing diabetes of the 2nd type in the future.
    • Preddia: A condition in which blood sugar is higher than the norm, but is not yet high enough for diabetes diabetes.
    • High blood pressure: Increases the risk of type 2 diabetes.
    • High cholesterol level: Increases the risk of type 2 diabetes.
    • Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCU): A condition that can increase the risk of type 2 diabetes.

  2. Type 2 diabetes prevention measures:

    • Weight loss: Loss of even a small amount of weight can significantly reduce the risk of type 2 diabetes.
    • Regular physical activity: At least 150 minutes of moderate intensity of physical activity per week.
    • Healthy nutrition: The use of low -fat products, calories and sugar products. Increased consumption of fruits, vegetables and whole grains.
    • Blood sugar control: Regular measurement of blood sugar levels, especially in the presence of type 2 risk factors.
    • Drug prevention: In some cases, drugs can be prescribed to reduce the risk of type 2 diabetes, such as metformin.
    • Life change change: Participation in programs for changing lifestyle, which include teaching healthy nutrition, physical activity and stress management.
    • Regular medical examinations: Regular visits to a doctor for preventive examinations and discussing the risk factors of type 2 diabetes.

Section 6: Osteoporosis Prevention

  1. Risk factors of osteoporosis: Osteoporosis is a disease characterized by a decrease in bone density, which increases the risk of fractures. Risk factors of osteoporosis include:

    • Age: The risk of osteoporosis increases with age.
    • Floor: Women have a higher risk of osteoporosis than men, especially after menopause.
    • Family history of osteoporosis: Hereditary predisposition to osteoporosis.
    • Race/ethnicity: White and Asian women have a higher risk of osteoporosis than African American and Latin American women.
    • Disadvantage of calcium and vitamin D: Calcium and vitamin D are necessary for bone health.
    • Sedentary lifestyle: Physical activity helps strengthen the bones.
    • Smoking: Smoking reduces bone density.
    • Alcohol abuse: Alcohol abuse reduces bone density.
    • Reception of some drugs: Long -term use of corticosteroids, anticonvulsants and some other drugs can reduce bone density.
    • Some diseases: Some diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis, Crohn’s disease and celiac disease, can increase the risk of osteoporosis.
    • Early menopause: An early menopause leads to a decrease in estrogen levels, which can reduce bone density.

  2. Osteoporosis prevention measures:

    • Sufficient calcium consumption: The recommended daily dose of calcium is 1000 mg for adults under the age of 50 and 1200 mg for adults aged 51 years and older. Calcium sources include dairy products, green leafy vegetables, enriched products and calcium supplements.
    • Sufficient consumption of vitamin D: The recommended daily dose of vitamin D is 600 IU for adults under the age of 70 years and 800 IU for adults aged 71 years and older. Vitamin D is produced in the skin under the influence of sunlight. Sources of vitamin D include fatty fish, egg yolks, enriched products and additives of vitamin D.
    • Regular physical activity: Exercises with weight load, such as walking, running, dancing and strength training, help strengthen the bones.
    • Refusal of smoking: Smoking reduces bone density.
    • Moderate alcohol consumption: Alcohol abuse reduces bone density.
    • Prevention of falls: Taking measures to prevent falls, such as wearing comfortable shoes, improving lighting in the house and using auxiliary devices if necessary.
    • Drug prevention: In some cases, drugs can be prescribed to prevent or treat osteoporosis, such as bisphosphonates, denosumab and selective estrogen receptor modulators (SMER).
    • Regular medical examinations: Regular visits to a doctor for densitometry (measurement of bone density) and discussing risk factors of osteoporosis.

Section 7: Mental Health and Prevention

  1. The importance of mental health: Mental health plays a decisive role in the general well -being and quality of life. It affects our thoughts, feelings, behavior and the ability to cope with stress. Poor mental health can lead to various problems, including depression, anxiety, disorders of food behavior, abuse of psychoactive substances and suicide.

  2. Factors affecting mental health: Many factors can affect mental health, including:

*   **Генетика:**  Наследственная предрасположенность к психическим заболеваниям.
*   **Биология:**  Химический дисбаланс в мозге.
*   **Опыт:**  Травматические события, такие как насилие, жестокое обращение или потеря близкого человека.
*   **Образ жизни:**  Недостаток сна, плохое питание, отсутствие физической активности и злоупотребление психоактивными веществами.
*   **Социальные факторы:**  Бедность, дискриминация, социальная изоляция и отсутствие поддержки.
*   **Стресс:**  Хронический стресс может негативно влиять на психическое здоровье.
  1. Prevention measures for mental health problems:
    • Strengthening social ties: Maintaining a strong relationship with family, friends and colleagues.
    • Caring for physical health: Proper nutrition, regular physical activity and sufficient sleep.
    • Stress management: The use of relaxation methods such as meditation, yoga or deep breathing.
    • Development of problems of solving problems: The ability to cope with difficulties and solve problems constructively.
    • Conscious training: The practice of awareness, which helps to focus on the present moment and reduce stress.
    • Recourse: Do not hesitate to seek help from a mental health specialist in case of problems.
    • Limiting the use of alcohol and psychoactive substances: Alcohol abuse and psychoactive substances can worsen mental health.
    • Avoiding social isolation: Maintaining active social life and participation in public events.
    • Practice of gratitude: Daily giving gratitude for the positive aspects of life.
    • Participation in volunteer activities: Help other people can improve their mood and increase self -esteem.
    • Early detection and treatment: Early detection and treatment of mental illness can improve the prognosis and prevent the development of complications.

Section 8: Prevention of injuries

  1. Types of injuries and their reasons: Injuries are damage caused by external factors, such as accidents, violence or natural disasters. Injuries can be intentional (for example, violence) or unintentional (for example, accidents). Types of injuries include:

    • Traffic accidents: The main cause of injuries and mortality around the world.
    • Falls: Often occur among older people and children.
    • Burns: Can be caused by fire, boiling water, chemicals or electricity.
    • Drowning: Often occur in pools, ponds or during water sports.
    • Poisoning: Can be caused by medicines, chemicals or toxic substances.
    • Violence: Includes physical, sexual and psychological violence.
    • Trauma at the workplace: Can be caused by dangerous working conditions or non -compliance with safety rules.
    • Sports injuries: Often occur during sports or physical exercises.
    • Household injuries: Can be caused by careless handling of tools, household appliances or other items in the house.

  2. Prevention measures for injuries:

    • Compliance with traffic rules: Driving in sober form, compliance with the speed limit, the use of seat belts and children’s seats.
    • Safety in the house: Installation of smoke detectors, storage of drugs and chemicals in an inaccessible place for children, the use of non -slip mats in the bathroom and installing handrails.
    • Safety at the workplace: Compliance with safety rules, the use of personal protective equipment and training in safe work methods.
    • Learning the rules of conduct on the water: Swimming training, the use of rescue vests and supervision of children near water.
    • Prevention of poisoning: Storage of drugs and chemicals in the original packaging, reading instructions before using drugs and chemicals, and seeking medical help with suspected poisoning.
    • Prevention of violence: Support for the prevention of violence, training in conflict resolution skills and seeking help with violence.
    • Safety during sports: Using protective equipment, warm -up before training and compliance with the rules of the game.
    • First aid training: Training in first aid skills can save life in case of injury.
    • Creating a safe environment: Improving road infrastructure, creating safe zones for pedestrians and cyclists, and ensuring access to quality medical care.
    • Increased awareness: Information of the population about the causes of injuries and ways to prevent them.

Section 9: Prevention of elderly diseases

  1. Features of the health of the elderly: Older people are more susceptible to various diseases and injuries. They often have chronic diseases, such as cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, osteoporosis, arthritis and dementia. With age, the function of the immune system also decreases, which makes the elderly more susceptible to infectious diseases.

  2. Prevention measures for elderly diseases:

    • Regular medical examinations: Regular visits to a doctor for preventive examinations and screening tests.
    • Vaccination: Vaccination against influenza, pneumococcal infection, enclosing lichen and other infectious diseases.
    • Healthy nutrition: The use of foods rich in nutrients, vitamins and minerals. Limiting the consumption of salt, sugar and saturated fats.
    • Regular physical activity: Exercises adapted to the physical capabilities of an elderly person. Walking, swimming, yoga and other types of activity with low load are recommended.
    • Maintaining cognitive activity: Reading, solving crosswords, playing chess and other activities that stimulate mental activity.
    • Social activity: Maintaining social ties and participation in public events.
    • Prevention of falls: Installation of handrails, the use of non -slip rugs, wearing comfortable shoes and improving lighting in the house.
    • Management of chronic diseases: Compliance with the doctor’s recommendations for the treatment of chronic diseases.
    • Safety of drugs: Regular review of drugs with a doctor or pharmacist to make sure that they are still necessary and do not cause side effects.
    • Psychological support: Appeal for help from a specialist in the field of mental health, if necessary.
    • Creating a favorable environment: Ensuring comfortable and safe living conditions for an elderly person.

Section 10: The role of society and the state in prevention

  1. Public health and prevention: Public healthcare plays an important role in the prevention of diseases and strengthen the health of the population. It includes measures aimed at improving sanitary conditions, ensuring access to pure water and sanitation, monitoring the spread of infectious diseases and promoting a healthy lifestyle.

  2. The role of the state: The state plays a key role in the prevention of diseases. This role includes:

    • Development and implementation of national prevention programs: National prevention programs are aimed at reducing incidence and mortality from the underlying diseases.
    • Prevention Research Financing: Research in the field of prevention helps determine the most effective methods of preventing diseases.
    • Regulation of production and sales of harmful substances: Limiting the production and sale of tobacco, alcohol and other harmful substances.
    • Ensuring access to medical care: Ensuring access to quality medical care for all citizens, regardless of their income and social status.
    • Information of the population about a healthy lifestyle: Conducting campaigns to promote a healthy lifestyle.
    • Ensuring sanitary and epidemiological well-being: Control over the quality of water, air and food.
    • Development and implementation of medical care standards: Standards for the provision of medical care provide the quality and effectiveness of medical care.
    • Support for scientific research in the field of healthcare: Support for scientific research in the field of healthcare contributes to the development of new methods of prevention and treatment of diseases.

  3. The role of public organizations: Public organizations also play an important role in the prevention of diseases. They conduct educational programs, support people suffering from various diseases, and lobby for patients.

  4. The role of sma: The media play an important role in informing the population about a healthy lifestyle and the prevention of diseases. They can publish articles, release television and radio programs devoted to health issues.

  5. The role of the family: The family plays an important role in the formation of a healthy lifestyle in children and adolescents. Parents should be an example for their children and educate them with healthy habits.

Section 11: Individual responsibility for health

  1. Active participation in maintaining health: Individual responsibility for health involves active participation in maintaining and improving your health. This means making conscious decisions regarding the lifestyle, nutrition, physical activity and medical help.

  2. Self -education and awareness: It is important to be informed about risk factors for various diseases and methods of their prevention. Self-education may include reading books and articles, attending lectures and seminars, as well as the use of reliable Internet sources.

  3. Regular medical examinations: Regular medical examinations allow you to identify diseases in the early stages, when treatment is most effective. It is important to observe the schedule of preventive examinations and screening tests recommended by the doctor.

  4. Compliance with the doctor’s recommendations: It is important to strictly follow the doctor’s recommendations on the treatment and prevention of diseases. This may include taking medication, compliance with a diet, performing physical exercises and a change in lifestyle.

  5. Responsible attitude to your health: A responsible attitude to your health means taking responsibility for their decisions and actions that can affect health. This includes the rejection of bad habits, such as smoking and alcohol abuse, and conducting a healthy lifestyle.

  6. Psychological well -being: It is important to take care of your psychological well -being. This includes stress management, maintaining social ties and seeking help from a mental health specialist if necessary.

Section 12: New Technologies and Prevention

  1. Telemedicine: Telemedicine allows medical assistance remotely using modern technologies, such as video conferences and mobile applications. Telemedicine can be used to counsel, diagnosis, treatment and monitoring of patients.

  2. Health mobile applications: There are many mobile applications that help track physical activity, nutrition, sleep and other health indicators. These applications can be useful for maintaining a healthy lifestyle and the prevention of diseases.

  3. Wearable devices: Wearable devices, such as fitness trackers and smart watches, can track physical activity, pulse, sleep and other health indicators. These devices can help people lead a more active lifestyle and control their health.

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